Air embolism following infusion, transfusion and therapeutic injection Save
ICD-10 code: T80.0
Chapter: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes
Air Embolism Following Infusion, Transfusion and Therapeutic Injection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Air embolism is a rare but potentially serious complication that can occur following infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection. It happens when air bubbles enter the bloodstream and block blood flow to vital organs. While most cases of air embolism are preventable, it is important to recognize the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options to minimize the risk of complications and improve patient outcomes.
- Causes: Air embolism can occur when air is inadvertently introduced into the bloodstream during medical procedures such as infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection. This can happen if there is a break in the IV line or when air is pushed into the syringe during injection. The risk of air embolism is higher in patients with central venous catheters, as the catheter can act as a conduit for air to enter the bloodstream.
- Symptoms: The symptoms of air embolism can vary depending on the location and size of the air bubble. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, confusion, anxiety, low blood pressure, and seizures. In severe cases, it can lead to cardiac arrest and death.
- Treatment: The treatment of air embolism involves immediate recognition and removal of the air bubble from the bloodstream. This can be achieved by placing the patient in a Trendelenburg position with the head down and legs up to prevent air from entering the heart and lungs. The patient may also require high-flow oxygen therapy and intravenous fluids to stabilize blood pressure. In severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be necessary to increase the oxygen supply to the affected tissues.
Prevention is key in reducing the risk of air embolism. Healthcare providers should follow strict protocols when administering infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection to minimize the risk of air entering the bloodstream. This can include checking for leaks in the IV line, purging air from syringes before injection, and using air-detection devices to monitor for air bubbles in the catheter.
In conclusion, air embolism is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication that can occur following infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection. Recognizing the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options can help healthcare providers improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.