Non-ABO incompatibility with hemolytic transfusion reaction Save

Understanding Non-ABO Incompatibility with Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

When it comes to blood transfusions, the compatibility between the donor's and recipient's blood types is critical to avoid an adverse reaction. However, there are cases where even when the ABO blood type match, a hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) can still occur due to non-ABO incompatibility.

Non-ABO incompatibility can arise due to various reasons such as human leukocyte antigens (HLA), platelet-specific antigens, and minor blood group antigens. These antigens are present on the surface of red blood cells and can trigger an immune response in the recipient's body.

HLA antigens are found on all cells in the body and are responsible for regulating the immune system's response. However, if the recipient's immune system recognizes the HLA antigens on the donor's red blood cells as foreign, it can trigger an HTR. This type of reaction is more common in patients who have received multiple transfusions or who have undergone organ transplants.

Platelet-specific antigens are found on platelets, which are involved in blood clotting. In rare cases, if the recipient has antibodies against these antigens, it can trigger an HTR when they receive a transfusion containing platelets from a donor with a different platelet antigen profile.

Minor blood group antigens are present on the surface of red blood cells and are not part of the ABO or Rh blood group systems. These antigens can cause an HTR if the recipient has antibodies against them and receives a transfusion from a donor with a different antigen profile.

1. Signs and Symptoms of HTR
2. Prevention and Management of HTR

Signs and symptoms of HTR can vary from mild to severe and can include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, chest or back pain, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney failure, shock, and even death.

The prevention and management of HTR involve careful screening of donors and recipients to identify potential non-ABO incompatibilities. Cross-matching tests are performed to ensure compatibility between the donor and recipient. In case of an HTR, immediate treatment with medications such as steroids, antihistamines, and intravenous fluids may be necessary to manage the symptoms.

In conclusion, non-ABO incompatibility is an important factor to consider when it comes to blood transfusions. Understanding the different types of antigens involved and their potential for triggering an HTR can help healthcare professionals prevent and manage adverse transfusion reactions.