Melanoma in situ is a type of skin cancer that affects the scalp and neck area. It is a non-invasive form of melanoma, meaning that it has not spread beyond the top layer of the skin. Although it is considered to be an early stage of melanoma, it is important to diagnose and treat it promptly to prevent it from progressing to a more advanced and dangerous stage.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of melanoma in situ is not fully understood, but it is believed to be primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. People with fair skin, light-colored hair, and a history of sunburns are at a higher risk of developing this condition. Other risk factors include a family history of melanoma, a weakened immune system, and the presence of atypical moles.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Melanoma in situ often appears as a dark brown or black spot on the scalp or neck. It may be irregular in shape with uneven borders. As it is confined to the top layer of the skin, it usually does not cause any symptoms such as pain or itching. Regular skin self-examinations are crucial in detecting any changes in moles or the appearance of new spots.

1. ABCDE Rule

Doctors use the ABCDE rule to assist in the diagnosis of melanoma. This rule stands for:

• Asymmetry - one half of the spot does not match the other half.
• Border irregularity - the edges of the spot are uneven or blurred.
• Color variation - the spot has different shades of brown, black, or other colors.
• Diameter - the spot is larger than 6 millimeters in diameter.
• Evolution - the spot changes in size, shape, color, or develops other characteristics over time.
2. Biopsy

If there is suspicion of melanoma, a biopsy will be performed. During a biopsy, a small sample of the affected skin is removed and sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope.

Early detection of melanoma in situ is crucial for successful treatment. If you notice any changes in your skin, especially on the scalp or neck, it is essential to consult a dermatologist for a thorough examination and proper diagnosis. Remember to always protect your skin from excessive sun exposure by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and seeking shade during peak sun hours.